Hydraulics and Pneumatics by Andrew A. Parr

Hydraulics and Pneumatics
by Andrew A. Parr


Nearly all industrial processes require objects to be moved, manipulated or subjected to some sort of force. This is frequently accomplished by means of electrical equipment (such as motors or solenoids), or via devices driven by air (pneumatics) or liquids (hydraulics).

This book has been written by a process control engineer as a guide to the operation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems for all engineers and technicians who wish to have an insight into the components and operation of such a system.

This second edition has been fully updated to include all recent developments such as the increasing use of proportional valves, and includes an extra expanded section on industrial safety. It will prove indispensable to all those wishing to learn about hydraulics and pneumatics.

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Modeling, Optimization, and Detailed Design of a Hydraulic Flywheel-Accumulator

Modeling, Optimization, and Detailed Design of a Hydraulic Flywheel-Accumulator
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE
UNIVERISTY OF MINNESOTA
BY
Kyle Glenn Strohmaier

Improving mobile energy storage technology is an important means of addressing concerns over fossil fuel scarcity and energy independence. Traditional hydraulic accumulator energy storage, though favorable in power density, durability, cost, and environmental impact, suffers from relatively low energy density and a pressure-dependent state of charge. The hydraulic flywheel-accumulator concept utilizes both the hydro-pneumatic and rotating kinetic energy domains by employing a rotating pressure vessel. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the hydraulic flywheel-accumulator concept and an assessment of the advantages it offers over traditional static accumulator energy storage.
After specifying a practical architecture for the hydraulic flywheel-accumulator, this thesis addresses the complex fluid phenomena and control implications associated with multi-domain energy storage. To facilitate rapid selection of the hydraulic flywheel-accumulator dimensions, computationally inexpensive material stress models are developed for each component. A drive cycle simulation strategy is also developed to assess the dynamic performance of the device. The stress models and performance simulation are combined to form a toolset that facilitates computationally-efficient model-based design.
The aforementioned toolset has been embedded into a multi-objective optimization algorithm that aims to minimize the mass of the hydraulic flywheel-accumulator system and to minimize the losses it incurs over the course of a drive cycle. Two optimizations have been performed – one with constraints that reflect a vehicle-scale application, and one with constraints that reflect a laboratory application. At both scales, the optimization results suggest that the hydraulic flywheel-accumulator offers at least an order of magnitude improvement over traditional static accumulator energy storage, while operating at efficiencies between 75% and 93%. A particular hydraulic flywheel-accumulator design has been selected from the set of laboratory-scale optimization results and subjected to a detailed design process. It is recommended that this selection be constructed and tested as a laboratory prototype.

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Reducing Energy Consumption of Reach Truck Utilizing Hydraulic Energy Recovery Systems Henri Hänninen

Reducing Energy
Consumption of Reach
Truck Utilizing Hydraulic
Energy Recovery Systems
Henri Hänninen

In light of current ecological and legislative trends, there is a demand for more effective utilization
of energy concerning both machines and processes. In many cases with mobile machinery,
the incorporation of a system for recovering otherwise wasted energy is the most efficient
solution for gaining a significant increase in energy efficiency. Majority of current energy recovery-
and reuse systems are based on electric storages. However, hydraulic energy recovery
systems can be more preferable when applied to a suitable machine- and work cycle type.
In this thesis, the suitability of different types of energy regeneration systems for an electrically
powered fork lift are investigated by means of analysis and simulation. Two of these systems
are further investigated by designing and implementing them for measurements on a full
scale reach truck test platform. Both of these systems take advantage of hydraulic accumulators
as energy storage, one by directly diverting flow and the other with a hydraulic transformer.
The research indicated that their efficiency and applicability depends heavily both on the machine
type and on the machine's work cycle. The first system exhibits high efficiency in constant
load cycles while the other is more effective in variable load cycles.
In addition, it was found that the efficiency of the system best suited for constant loads is
highly dependent on the preload pressure within the hydro-pneumatic accumulator. For this,
an optimization routine based on analytical assessment of losses was created. In addition to the
preload pressure optimization for any given work cycle, the presented routine can be used as
an assessment tool for accumulator sizing. On the other hand, the transformer based recovery
system adapted to different accumulator parameters with virtually no effect on the efficiency.
The research also includes introduction and assessment of two new accumulator concepts
for further improving the efficiency of the studied directly recovering system. The first concept
reduces pressure gain while charging, which improves the system's efficiency when operating
with constant loads while the other employs selectable piston areas for improved adaptation to
the variations in the payload.

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The accumulators utilize the compressibility of gas. Feature greater energy efficiency, safety, and less noise.

The accumulators utilize the
compressibility of gas.
Feature greater energy efficiency,
safety, and less noise.

The accumulators utilize the compressibility of gas. Incorporating an accumulator with hydraulic equipment or other machinery that utilizes fluids can enable the accumulation of pressure which can then be used in momentarily supplying large volumes of fluid or absorbing pulses or impact pressure from pipes, while they can also play a significant role in improving the performance of equipment and machinery, including greater energy efficiency and less noise generation.
The accumulators can be divided into being of the membrane or piston type, depending on how the nitrogen gas is separated from the fluid.

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Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations Dr. Ahmed Alzahabi Dr. Mohamed Y. Soliman

Optimization of Hydraulic 
Fracture Stages and Sequencing 
in Unconventional Formations
Dr. Ahmed Alzahabi
Dr. Mohamed Y. Soliman

Shale gas and/or oil play identification is subject to many screening processes for characteristics such as porosity, permeability, and brittleness. Evaluating shale gas and/or oil reservoirs and identifying potential sweet spots (portions of the reservoir rock that have high-quality kerogen content and brittle rock) requires taking into consideration multiple rock, reservoir, and geological parameters that govern production. The early determination of sweet spots for well site selection and fracturing in shale reservoirs is a challenge for many operators. With this limitation in mind, Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations develops an approach to improve the industry's ability to evaluate shale gas and oil plays and is structured to lead the reader from general shale oil and gas characteristics to detailed sweet-spot classifications. The approach uses a new candidate selection and evaluation algorithm and screening criteria based on key geomechanical, petrophysical, and geochemical parameters and indices to obtain results consistent with existing shale plays and gain insights on the best development strategies going forward. The work introduces new criteria that accurately guide the development process in unconventional reservoirs in addition to reducing uncertainty and cost.

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Hydraulic fluid power — Gas-loaded accumulators with separator — Selection of preferred hydraulic ports BS ISO 10946:1999

Hydraulic fluid
power — Gas-loaded
accumulators with
separator — Selection
of preferred hydraulic
ports
BS ISO
10946:1999

This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 10946:1999 and implements it as the UK national standard.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/18, Fluid power systems and components, which has the responsibility to:
— aid enquirers to understand the text;
— present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK
interests informed;
— monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence
Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

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Hydraulic fluid power Ð Gas-loaded accumulators Ð Dimensions of gas ports BS ISO 10945:1994

Hydraulic fluid power Ð
Gas-loaded
accumulators Ð
Dimensions of gas ports
BS ISO
10945:1994

This International Standard specifies the types and the dimensions of the gas filling ports of gas-loaded accumulators used in hydraulic fluid power Systems.
lt describes two male ports for filling the gas side of a gas-loaded accumulator. These ports are designated by the following:
- male port with M16 x 2 thread, in accordance with ISO 261 and ISO 724, which is preferred for new designs (see 4.1);
- male port with 8Vl thread in accordance with ISO 4570-1 (see 4.2).

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An Introduction To Hydraulic Accumulators ,Types ,Features And Selection

An Introduction To Hydraulic Accumulators ,Types ,Features And Selection


 Introduction 
 AN ACCUMULATOR for an hydraulic system is a specific device designed for the storage of liquid under pressure. At the same time it can be effectively used to provide a number of hydraulic system improvements, such as :
1) Compensating for peak flows and pressures, by storing energy and thus economising on pump size.
2) Providing a standby power source in case of emergencies such as pump failure or fast shut down
3) Compensating for leakage losses
4) Damping out of system surges, shocks and vibration
5) Reducing pump ripple effects
6) Compensating for volume changes due to temperature and pressure variations
7) Aiding suspension damping of vehicles.
BasicalIy it is a container which includes a member which is resilient and alIows a predetermined quantity of fluid, at a finite pressure, to be stored. The hydraulic fluid has low compressibility, so some other means of resilient energy storage is required.

Use of Accumulator
1. Energy Accumulation
Accumulators are widely used as a supplementary energy source. The system in which pressurized oil discharged from accumulators is used to operate cylinders enables pumps to be smaller, shortens their cycles, and conserves energy.
Major Examples of Usage: Hydraulic presses Injection molding machines Die-cast machines Automotive brake systems Power shovels Vibration testing machines Circuit breakers for transformer substations Water supply systems Home pumps Equipment for ironwork's, power plants, and chemical plants Ship engines

FIG 1

2. Pulse Absorption
All pressurized fluid discharged from pumps has a pulse. Pulses produce noise or vibrations that can cause instability or damage devices. The use of an accumulator can attenuate pulses.
Major Examples of Usage:Machine tools Breakers for construction machinery Concrete compressors Hydraulic elevators Power sprayers Water purification plants Descaling equipment

FIG 2

3. Impact Absorption
The rapid closure of valves or sudden changes in load within a hydraulic circuit can result in impact pressure in pipes, which can then lead to noise or damage to those pipes or devices. The use of an accumulator can mitigate any such internal shock.
Major Examples of Usage: Water pipes Jet fuel injection equipment Mud-water compressors
Pipelines

FIG 3

4. Thermal Expansion Compensation
Changes in the volume of a liquid resulting from changes in the temperature within a closed circuit can increase or decrease the internal pressure. An accumulator can be used to mitigate any such fluctuations in the pressure.
Major Examples of Usage: Boilers Pressurized water heaters Central heating systems Fire extinguishing systems

FIG 4

5.Gas Spring
The use of the accumulators as a gas spring rather than a metal spring enables larger load systems to be downsized.
Major Examples of Usage: Vehicle suspensions Suspensions for construction machinery or other vehicles Agricultural machinery Coal mills Cement mills Cone crushers

FIG 5

6. Equilibrium Action
The accumulators can be used as counter balances. The accumulators smoothly balance the weight or impact of products and machinery via gas pressure.
Major Examples of Usage:Large crane systems Large-scale machinery tools Hydraulic pressure
molding machinery

FIG 6

7. Leak Compensation
The accumulators can compensate for any decreases in pressure due to internal leaks and thus retain the pressure of pressure control circuits or during any maintenance work.
Major Examples of Usage:Clamping equipment Other types of hydraulic equipment

FIG 7

8. Transfer Barrier
The use of a transfer barrier type accumulator enables transfers to take place within the fluid circuit without the different types of fluids or gases mixing.
Major Examples of Usage:Compressor lubricant supplier Boosters Sealed tanks

FIG 8

Type of Accumulator
There are three basic types of accumulator used in hydraulic system. They are:
1. Weight – Loaded, or gravity, type
2. Spring -Loaded type
3. Gas – Loaded type

1. Weight – Loaded Accumulator :
This type consists of a vertical, heavy- wall steel cylinder, which incorporates a piston with packing to pressure leakage ( Fig 9) . A dead weight is attached to the top of the piston. The force of gravity of the dead weight provides the potential energy in the accumulator. This type of accumulator creates a constant fluid pressure throughout the full volume output of the unit regardless of the rate and quantity of output. The main disadvantage of this type of accumulator is extremely large size and heavy weight which makes it unsuitable for mobile equipment.

FIG 9

2. Spring – Loaded Accumulator : 
A spring loaded accumulator is similar to the weight – loaded type except that the piston is preloaded with a spring as shown in fig 10. The spring is the source of energy that acts against the piston, forcing the fluid into the hydraulic system. The pressure generated by this type of accumulator depends on the size and pre-loading of the spring. In addition, the pressure exerted on the fluid is not a constant. The spring- loaded accumulator typically delivers a relatively small volume of oil at low pressures. Thus, they tend to be heavy and large for high- pressure, large – volume systems. This type of accumulator should not be used for applications requiring high cycle rates because the spring will fatigue and lose its elasticity. The result is an inoperative accumulator.

FIG 10

3. Gas Loaded Accumulator : Two main categories:
 A-Non separator- Type Accumulator: 
The non separator type of accumulator (fig 11)consists of a fully enclosed shell containing an oil port on the bottom and a gas charging valve on the top. The gas is confined in the top and the oil at the bottom of the shell. There is no physical separator between the gas and oil and thus the gas pushes directly on oil. The main advantage of this type is its ability to handle large volume of oil. The main disadvantage is absorption of gas in the oil due to the lack of a separator. Absorption of gas in the oil also makes the oil compressible, resulting in spongy operation of the hydraulic actuators. This type must be installed vertically to keep the gas confined at the top of the shell.

FIG 11

B. Separator – Type Accumulator : 
The commonly accepted design of gas loaded accumulators is the separator type. In this type there is a physical barrier between the gas and the oil. The three major type of separator accumulator are :

FIG 12

i) Piston type: 
The piston type of accumulator consists of a cylinder containing a freely floating piston with proper seals. The piston serves as a barrier between the gas and oil.(fig 13). The main disadvantage of the piston types of accumulator are that they are expensive to manufacture and have practical size limitation. The principal advantage of the piston accumulator is its ability to handle very high or low temperature system fluids through the utilization to compatible O- ring seals.

FIG 13

ii) Diaphragm Accumulator:
The diaphragm type accumulator consists of a diaphragm, secured in the shell, which serves as an elastic barrier between the oil and gas(fig 14). A shutoff button, which is secured at the base of the diaphragm, covers the inlet of the line connection when the diaphragm is fully stretched. The primary advantage of this type of accumulator is its small weight to – volume ratio, which makes it suitable almost exclusively for mobile applications. The restriction is on the deflection of the diaphragm

FIG 14

iii) Bladder type Accumulator: 
A bladder type- accumulator contains an elastic barrier( bladder) between the oil and gas( fig 15). The bladder is fitted in the accumulator by means of a vulcanized gas- valve element and can be installed or removed through the shell opening at the poppet valve. The poppet valve closes the inlet when the accumulator bladder is fully expanded. This prevents the bladder from being pressed into the opening. The greatest advantage of this type of accumulator is the positive sealing between the gas and oil chambers. Most widely used type of accumulator.

FIG 15

4-Metal bellows type

Figure 16 shows a metal bellows accumulator. Metal bellows accumulators are used where a fast response time is not critical yet reliability is important. Emergency brake accumulators are a good application for metal bellows accumulators.. The metal bellows accumulator consists of a pressure vessel with a metal bellows assembly separating fluid and nitrogen. The accumulator is similar to a piston accumulator, except a metal bellows replaces piston and piston seals. Metal bellows accumulators are very reliable and long life components, and have a proven service history. Metal bellows accumulators are pre-charged by supplier and then permanently sealed leading to a maintenance free accumulator. Metal bellows accumulators will be slow in responding to pressure changes due to increased mass of piston and bellows. 

FIG 16

Summary table 

Accumulator Sizing
The choice of the size of an accumulator is based on the system requirement. Initially, therefore, it is essential to determine the exact reason for including an accumulator, and what the range of its use will be. Basically the idea is to be able to supply a quantity of fluid, within a certain pressure range, over a given time. The accumulator chosen will not only need to be of a certain capacity but the precharge pressure will have to be known. Before looking at some examples, it is important to appreciate the basic equations associated with gas-type accumulators.
The nomenclature used in these equations is as follows:
Po = Gas pre-charge pressure [MPa]
PI = Minimum hydraulic fluid operating pressure [MPa]
P2 = Maximum hydraulic fluid operating pressure [MPa]
Vo = Rated volume for the accumulator [L]
VI = Gas volume at PI [L]
V2 = Gas volume at P2 [L]
n = Index for gas expansion
(Strictly speaking the ratio of the specific heats of the gas,
i.e. nitrogen - isothermal n = 1 and adiabatic n = 1.4)
For accumulators of the bladder type, the pre-charge pressure must be just below the minimum hydraulic pressure, in order to avoid the bladder coming into contact with the poppet valve. It is therefore customary to take

Po = 0.9 PI

In addition there must be a limitation on the maximum hydraulic pressure in order to avoid permanently damaging the properties of the fabric of the bladder or diaphragm. Thus

P2 :54 Po for bladder-type accumulators

P2 :58 Po for diaphragm-type accumulators

The volume of hydraulic fluid which may be accumulated in the accumulator is the difference between the maximum and minimum gas volumes. The exact value of these volumes depends on the manner in which the accumulator is used. If the process is very slow, such as with leakage compensation and the maintenance of a constant pressure in a system, then the ratios are isothermal and

PoVo = PI VI = P2 V2

If, however, the process is rapidly changing, which is the more usual operation, then the gas changes temperature and the expansion is closer to adiabatic, and

This equation enables us to determine the rated size of accumulator :

 The actual accumulator used would need to be some 1¹/² to 3 times greater than the calculated rated volume because of the restrictions mentioned earlier.

FIG 17

FIG 18

Figures 17 and 18 enable a quick assessment to be made from a knowledge of the working pressure range and the oil volume; these charts give the values for either isothermal or adiabatic operation. To use the charts, decide the range of pressure over which the accumulator is to operate (PI to P2) and determine the precharge pressure (Po), read-off the accumulator model which provides the appropriate volume. Take, for example, the need to make up fluid loss during one part of a machine operation - say 5 Lover 3 seconds within a range of 10 MPa to 15 MPa, and a precharge pressure of 7 MPa is acceptable - because of the rapid time this can be taken as an adiabatic operation and Figure 17 indicates that a nominal accumulator size of 36 L is suitable.
Where the pressures are above 20 MPa slight correction will be needed due to the nitrogen gas used deviating from an ideal gas; the correction increases with increase in pressure and may reach as low as 0.7 at 40 MPa (i.e. multiply the ideal volume by the correction factor to obtain the real volume).
Where the storage in the accumulator has been rapid there is a rise in temperature; this means that when the temperature drops to ambient, there will also be a drop in pressure.
Gas loaded accumulators with auxiliary bottle (figure 19 )

FIG 19

Fluid volume :

Precharge pressure :

Compression ratio :

FIG 20

With no gas bottle V3=0  thus

Compression ratios are generally in the range 1.5: 1 to 3: 1,depending on the application, with 2: 1 a typical average figure. This may be further modified, and the pressure difference over the working range reduced, by coupling the accumulator to an auxiliary gas bottle.
The choice of size and type of piston accumulator is largely dictated by the particular application. Thus relatively large capacities are required to cope with continuous operation and high demand. A much smaller size could be used where the accumulator has only to supply peak demand or is worked only intermittently, or is mainly employed as a shock absorber. Where the accumulator is employed solely as a source of emergency power the size can be calculated on the flow demand.
For continuous operation with piston type assemblies the pre-charge pressure (Po) should ideally be equal to the lower or cut-in value of the system working pressure (PI) as this will give the greatest swept volume over the working pressure range and thus mini mise the number of pressure cycles. For intermittent use, or where the accumulator is used as a source of emergency power, lower inflation pressures and consequently higher compression ratios can be used.

Accumulators Selection Tips
The Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations 1989 have a number of highly important demands on accumulator manufacture and use. The key features may be briefly summarised as follows:
i) Safe operating limits. Checks are necessary to ensure that the maximum system pressure does not exceed the maximum working pressure of the accumulator and that all safety devices are correctly set and in operation.
ii) Relevant Records. All certificates of conformity, test certificates, material certificates and maintenance records must be retained for inspection.
iii) Correct marking. The manufacturers need to mark the shell or pressure envelope with their name, unit number, date of manufacture, design standard and, very importantly, the maximum working and test pressures.
iv) Maintenance procedure. Particular procedure is required varying on the product of system pressure (P - MPa) and accumulator volume (V -litres). The changeover point is at PV = 25, and where the PV is greater than 25 a written scheme of examination is necessary outlining the parts of the pressure system subject to examination and the type and frequency of examination ..

Pipe Hanger Design Software TRI*HANGER™

Pipe Hanger Design Software
TRI*HANGER™

TRI*HANGER™ provides the user with a tool that:
1- Designs the pipe supports the user wants with a minimum of effort when you enter:
                   - Operating Load or Installed Load
                   - Pipe Displacement at the Pipe Support
                   - Installed Height (Support) or Length (Hanger)
                   - Pipe Diameter
                   - Temperature of the Pipe
                   - Pipe Support Assembly or Sequence of Components Desired
2- Automatically adds hardware weight to design loads to ensure more accurate support sizing.
3- Design categories include:
Rigid hangers, variable spring hangers, constants, sway struts, braces, hydraulic snubbers, pipe shoes, slide bearings, hold down clamps, and dynamic restraints.
4- Insure that installed height (support) or installed length (hanger) can be met for each assembly.
5- Generate professional looking drawing for each hanger assembly including components, 

6- dimensions, and design characteristics.
7- Automatically generates spreadsheet reports that can easily be exported to Excel.
Easy submit a request for quotation for designed supports.

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Pipe Hangers and Supports - Materials, Design, and Manufacture MSS SP-58-2002

Pipe Hangers and Supports -
Materials, Design,
and Manufacture
MSS SP-58-2002

This standard was developed by a cooperative effort of representatives of the pipe hanger manufacturers. It is based on the best practice current at this time and on the collective experience of the industry. There y e three companion standards-MSS SP-69 and MSS SP-89 relate to hanger and support fabrication, selection, application, and installation; MSS SP-127 relates to the design, selection, and application of bracing for piping systems subject to seismic - wind - dynamic loading. In addition, the MSS Hanger Committee has developed guidelines for pipe supports contractual relationships and on hanger terminology as covered in MSS SP-77 and MSS SP-90 respectively.

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PIPE HANGERS and SUPPORTS E. MYATT & CO.

PIPE HANGERS
and SUPPORTS
E. MYATT & CO.

Catalogue No . 10 is a revised edition of our general pipe hanger catalogue and replaces all previous issues . AA complete range of pipe hanger materials is illustrate d with engineering and dimensional data tabulated forhanger components . Our dual purpose has been t o satisfy the requirements of the designer and to offer suggestions and to supply all necessary information for
the erector .
After almost 70 years in the piping industry this catalogue is a part of our constant effort to maintain an d improve our service . Integrity is perhaps best judged by the years of good
reputation that a company enjoys with its customers an din its industry .

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SPRING HANGERS E. MYATT S. CO

SPRING HANGERS
E. MYATT S. CO

Wherever piping is subject to vertical movement, a simple rigid hange r can only provide proper support for the pipe in one position . The function of a spring hanger is to provide continuous support for th e pipe in all positions and relieve pipe stresses which could reach critica l proportions in the pipe itself or in connected equipment .
The purpose of this catalog is to provide clearly detailed informatio n from which suitable spring units can be selected for the widest possibl e variety of applications .

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Valves, Piping and Pipelines Handbook, Third Edition Book by Christopher Dickenson

Valves, Piping and Pipelines Handbook, 

Third Edition Book

 by Christopher Dickenson


Over recent years, a number of significant developments in the application of valves have taken place: the increasing use of actuator devices, the introduction of more valve designs capable of reliable operation in difficult fluid handling situations; low noise technology and most importantly, the increasing attention being paid to product safety and reliability. Digital technology is making an impact on this market with manufacturers developing intelligent (smart) control valves incorporating control functions and interfaces.
New metallic materials and coatings available make it possible to improve application ranges and reliability. New and improved polymers, plastic composite materials and ceramics are all playing their part.
Fibre-reinforced plastic pipe systems, glass-reinforced epoxy pipe systems and the traditional low-cost polyester pipe systems have all undergone sophisticated design and manufacturing technology changes. The potential for growth and expansion of the industry is huge.

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Pipe Supports | Piping Analysis -How to select spring hanger - for piping engineers

Pipe Supports | Piping Analysis

A structural system that transmits supporting loads on piping systems safely to the supporting building.

How to select spring hanger - for piping engineers

The understanding of spring hanger selection is very important. Please follow the steps below: 1. Calculate the spring rate and select the spring with spring rate lesser than the calculated one. 2. Choose the column in the catalogue where the hot load lies within the mid range. 3. Now check whether cold load lies within the travel range of spring. 4. If cold load lies beyond the travel range, switch to the next higher size spring or next travel range.

variable pipe hangers piping support hangers straps clamps Pipe Rollers and Roller Supports

variable pipe hangers
piping support hangers straps clamps
Pipe Rollers and Roller Supports

Specification for Pipe supports — Part 2: Pipe clamps, cages, cantilevers and attachments to beams BS 3974-2: 1978

Specification for
Pipe supports —
Part 2: Pipe clamps, cages, cantilevers
and attachments to beams
BS 3974-2:
1978

This Part of BS 3974 is an extension of the metric revision of BS 3974-1 which was published in 1974 under the direction of the Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee.
It gives requirements for the manufacture of further components used in connection with pipe supports. It also gives guidance on design data and formulae for pipe support calculations and methods of fixing.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

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Specification for Pipe supports — Part 1: Pipe hangers, slider and roller type supports BS 3974-1: 1974

Specification for
Pipe supports —
Part 1: Pipe hangers, slider and roller
type supports
BS 3974-1:
1974


This British Standard is the metric revision of BS 3974-1, which was originally published in 1966 under the authorization of the Mechanical Engineering Industry Standards Committee and at the request of the Engineering Equipment
Users’ Association. Previously restricted to requirements for the design (including dimensions) and the manufacture of components for rod-type pipe hangers, this revised edition has been extended to meet the needs of industry and now includes requirements on the design and manufacture of components for slider and roller type supports, for pipes transporting fluids within a temperature
range minus 20 °C to 470 °C.
The revised appendices provide recommendations on design considerations, data and formulae for pipework calculations and methods of fixing. To assist the user in the application of pipe supports, many illustrations of typical support assemblies from the Engineering Equipment Users’ Association Handbook No. 18 have been included in a separate appendix.

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ANVIL Pipe Fitters Handbook

ANVIL
Pipe Fitters Handbook

Anvil® product lines include malleable and cast iron fittings, unions and flanges; seamless steel
pipe nipples; steel pipe couplings; universal anvilets; forged steel fittings and unions; pipe
hangers and supports; threaded rod; and engineered hangers.

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FACILITY PIPING SYSTEMS HANDBOOK For Industrial, Commercial, and Healthcare Facilities Michael Frankel, CPD

FACILITY PIPING SYSTEMS HANDBOOK
For Industrial, Commercial, and Healthcare Facilities
Michael Frankel, CPD

This guide contains everything you need to plan, select, design, specify, and test entire piping systems. Here's a complete design guide and reference for all service and utility piping systems found in laboratory, R&D, chemical, commercial, industrial, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and health care facilities.

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An Introduction to Pipe Hanger Types , Application , And Design

An Introduction to Pipe Hanger Types , Application , And Design


Introduction
The pipe support is an assembly of components, including a device or method used as a direct attachment to the structure, a means of securing the pipe, and a connecting member extending from the structure attachment to the device used to secure the pipe. Other devices include pipe restraints or anchors and pipe guides.

Types Of Hangers And Supports
Attachment to Structure Various methods and devices are used to attach the support to the structure. Typical attachments include:
1. An insert is installed at the time the slab is poured. An anchor or expansion bolt is installed after the slab is poured.

FIG 1

2. A beam clamp  provides attachment to exposed structural members. Beam clamps can also be welded to the beam.

FIG 2

3. Brackets  attach to walls.

FIG 3

The manufacturer of each type of attachment will have specifications for the maximum loading permitted for each type of attachment

A hanger is the device used to secure the pipe to the hanger rod. It must not distort, cut, or abrade any pipe while allowing free movement. There is a wide variety to choose from, including:
1. Pipe clamps  support pipes passing through openings in floors.

FIG 4

2. Saddles  support pipe from floors.

FIG 5

3. Trapeze hangers support multiple pipes.

FIG 6

4. A clevis hanger  is an adjustable hanger for a single pipe.

FIG 7

A variety of pipe support materials and devices are available. Specialized supports or pipe hangers are made for almost every possible situation you will encounter during your duties (figure 8 .9.10)

FIG 8

.

Type 1 Adjustable steel clevis hanger (figure 9)
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines and providing a means for vertical adjustment.
Type 2 Yoke-type pipe clamp
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary insulated lines. This type of clamp is also made to accommodate pipe of nonstandard size when designed with a filler plate.
Type 3 Carbon- or alloy-steel three-bolt pipe clamp
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines.
Type 4 Steel pipe clamp
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary insulated lines.
Type 5 Pipe hanger
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines either using a hanger rod or bolting to wall from the T slot provided in the side of the strap.
Type 6 Adjustable swivel pipe, split ring type or solid ring type
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines.
Type 7 Adjustable steel band hanger
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines and providing a means for vertical adjustment.
Type 8 Extension pipe or riser clamp
A pipe attachment for suspension of vertcal stationary lines without the use of hanger rods. The transfer of piping load is accomplished by resting the ears of the clamp on a bearing surface.
Type 9 Adjustable band hanger
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines.
Type 10 Adjustable swivel ring, band type
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines and providing a means for vertical adjustment.
Type 11 Split pipe ring with or without turnbuckle adjustment
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines permitting installation before or after pipe is in place.
Type 12 Extension split pipe clamp, hinged or two-bolt
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines used in conjunction with a pipe nipple.
Type 13 Steel turnbuckle
A device with one left-hand internal threaded end and one right-hand internal threaded end, used to join two threaded rods and providing for vertical adjustment.
Type 14 Steel clevis
A device which provides for the attachment of a threaded rod to a bolted or pinned connection.
Type 15 Swivel turnbuckle
A device which provides flexibility at the pipe connection and a means of vertical adjustment.
Type 16 Malleable iron socket
A device for attaching threaded rods to various types of building attachments.
Type 17 Steel weldless eye nut
A forged-steel device which provides for the attachment of a threaded rod to a bolt or pin connection.
Type 18 Steel or malleable concrete insert
A cast-in-place device which provides for a rod attachment capable of nominal lateral adjustment.
Type 19 Top beam C-clamp
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the top flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be offset from the edge of the flange.
Type 20 Side beam or channel clamp
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the bottom flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be at the edge of the flange.
Type 21 Center beam
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the bottom flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be centered on the structural shape.
Type 22 Welded beam attachment (as shown or inverted less bolt)
A structural attachment welded to the bottom of steel beams and used as a means for connecting hanger rods to the beams.
Type 23 C-clamp
A device requiring no welding which attaches to a flange of a structural shape and provides for attaching a threaded rod.
Type 24 U-bolt
A U-shaped rod with threaded ends used as a support or guide.
Type 25 Top beam clamp
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the top flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be at the edge of the flange.
Type 26 Pipe clip
A pipe attachment for suspension of horizontal stationary lines by bolting the clip directly to a structure. Also referred to as a pipe strap or strap.
Type 27 Side beam clamp
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the bottom flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be offset from the center of the shape.
Type 28 Steel beam clamp with eye nut
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the bottom flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be centered on the structural shape.
Type 29 Linked steel clamp with eye nut
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the bottom flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be centered on the structural shape.
Type 30 Malleable beam clamp with extension piece
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the bottom flange of a structural shape where the vertical rod is required to be centered on the structural shape.
Type 31 Light welded steel bracket
A braced cantilever device intended for supporting a gravity load from rod-type hangers. This device is typically bolted to a wall and may be installed with the brace either above or below the horizontal member.
Type 32 Medium welded steel bracket
A braced cantilever device intended for supporting maximum gravity loads and/or horizontal loads up to 1500 lb (6670 newton, N). Loads may be applied anywhere along the main member. This device is typically bolted to a wall and may be installed with the brace above, below, or on either side of the main member.
Type 33 Heavy welded steel bracket
A braced cantilever device intended for supporting maximum gravity loads and/or horizontal loads up to 3000 lb (13,340 newton, N). Loads may be applied anywhere along the main member. This device is typically bolted to a wall and may be installed with the brace above, below, or on either side of the main member.
Type 34 Side beam bracket
A device requiring no welding which attaches to the sides of steel or wooden members and provides a means for vertical adjustment.
Type 35 Pipe slide and slide plate
A device for supporting piping having horizontal movements and where a low coefficient of friction is necessary.
Type 36 Pipe saddle support
A device having a curved base for cradling horizontal pipe and which slips into a nominal diameter pipe stanchion.
Type 37 Pipe stanchion saddle
A device having a curved base for cradling horizontal pipe and which slips into a nominal diameter pipe stanchion. The U-bolt yoke provides stability.

FIG 9

Type 38 Adjustable pipe saddle support
A device having a curved base for cradling horizontal pipe and which threads into a nominal diameter pipe stanchion. This device provides vertical adjustment.
Type 39 Steel pipe-covering protection saddle
A device used on insulated piping which is designed to minimize heat losses and prevent damage to insulation.
Type 40 Protection saddle
A metal device intended to prevent crushing of insulation and/or breaching of the vapor barrier. It is typically used at support points.
Type 41 Single pipe roll
A device used for supporting horizontal piping from two rods, allowing for vertical adjustment and consisting of a roller that allows for axial movement with virtually no frictional resistance.
Type 42 Carbon- or alloy-steel riser clamp
A pipe attachment for supporting vertical piping through the use of shear lugs welded to the pipe. Load bolts are provided to transfer the pipe load to the rod hanger assembly.
Type 43 Adjustable roller hanger with or without swivel
A device used for supporting horizontal piping from a single rod, allowing for vertical adjustment and consisting of a roller that allows for axial movement with virtually no frictional resistance.
Type 44 Pipe roll complete
A device used for supporting horizontal piping where vertical adjustment is unnecessary and consisting of a roller that allows for axial movement with virtually no frictional resistance.
Type 45 Pipe roll and plate
A device used to support horizontal piping, having minimal axial movement, from beneath and where no vertical adjustment is necessary.
Type 46 Adjustable pipe roll and base
A device used to support horizontal piping, having axial movement, from beneath and where vertical adjustment is necessary.
Type 47 Restraint control device
A rigid, mechanical, spring, or hydraulic device used for absorbing shock loading and/or controlling sway in piping systems.
Type 48 Spring cushion
A noncalibrated, rod-type, single-coil spring support used where a cushioning effect is desired.
Type 49 Spring cushion roll
A non-calibrated, rod-type, double-coil rod spring support used where a cushioning effect is desired along with a pipe roll.
Type 50 Spring sway brace
A spring device used for absorbing shock loading and/or controlling sway in piping systems.
Type 51 Variable spring hanger
A device having a single-spring coil which supports the gravity loads of piping systems that are subjected to vertical thermal movements. This device produces a varying load when the piping moves from the cold position to the hot position. This type of spring hanger supports the pipe from above.
Type 52 Variable spring base support
A device having a single-spring coil which supports the gravity loads of piping systems that are subjected to vertical thermal movements. This device produces a varying load when the piping moves from the cold to the hot position. This type of spring hanger supports the pipe from below.
Type 53 Variable spring trapeze hanger
A device having double-spring coils which support the gravity loads of piping systems that are subjected to vertical thermal movements. This device produces a varying load when the piping moves from the cold position to its hot position. This type of spring hanger supports the pipe from above with two rods.
Type 54 Constant support hanger, horizontal type
A device having a single-spring coil working in conjunction with counter balancing mechanisms to support the gravity loads of piping systems that are subjected to vertical thermal movements. This device produces a constant load when the piping moves from the cold position to the hot position. This type of constant hanger has the spring coil in the horizontal position and supports the pipe from above.
Type 55 Constant support hanger, vertical type
A device having a single-spring coil working in conjunction with counter balancing mechanisms to support the gravity loads of piping systems that are subjected to vertical thermal movements. This device produces a constant load when the piping moves from the cold position to the hot position. This type of constant hanger has the spring coil in the vertical position and supports the pipe from above.
Type 56 Constant support hanger, trapeze type
A device having double-spring coils working in conjunction with counter balancing mechanisms to support the gravity loads of piping systems that are subjected to vertical thermal movements. This device produces a constant load when the piping moves from the cold position to the hot position. This type of constant hanger has the spring coil in the vertical position and supports the pipe from below with two rods.
Type 57 Plate lug
A structural attachment which provides a means of connecting rod type hangers to structural steel members via a pin or bolt through the hole of the lug.
Type 58 Horizontal traveler
A device which permits the structural attachment end of rod-type hangers to accommodate horizontal piping movements in conditions where offsetting of conventional structural attachments is not practical due to limited space.

FIG 10

Classification of Pipe Supports Based on Details, Constructions and Functions
Classification of Pipe Supports Broadly the pipe supports are classified in three groups as per following details / functions:
– General details
– Construction details
– Functions ie. Purpose

1. Pipe Supports Classification as per General Details:
A pipe line needs to be supported from a foundation or a structure. The piping loads will be acting on these foundations / structures. Since these foundations / structures are built on ground, they will exert an equal and opposite reaction, while supporting the pipe.
In a pipe support, there will be some parts of support arrangement which is directly attached to the pipeline and there will be some other parts which shall be directly attached to the foundation / structure supporting the pipe.
As per this general detail the support is classified as:
1.1 Primary Supports:
It is the parts of support assembly which is directly connected to the pipe.
1.2 Secondary Supports:
It is the parts of support assembly which is directly connected to the foundation / structure and is supporting the primary support attached to the pipe line.

2. Pipe Supports Classification as per Construction:
Based on construction details, pipe supports are broadly classified in three types, as
– RIGID SUPPORTS
– ELASTIC SUPPORTS
– ADJUSTABLE SUPPORTS

These are described below in brief.

2.1 Rigid Supports:
This type of support arrangement is generally very simple and has maximum use in piping. It does not have adjustability to the erection tolerances. It will directly rest on foundation or structure which is supporting the pipe. Common type of RIGID SUPPORTS are shoe type (welded), shoe type (with clamp) Trunnion type, valve holder type, support brackets (Secondary Support). These are described under the topic ‘Supports Generally used’.

FIG 11

2.2 Elastic Supports:
This type of support is commonly used for supporting hot piping. It shall be able to support pipes even when the pipe is moving up or down at support point.
Common types of elastic supports are variable type spring supports, constant type spring supports. These are described under the topic ‘Supports generally used ‘.

FIG 12

2.3 Adjustable Supports:
This type of support is Rigid type in construction but is has few nuts and bolts arrangements for adjusting the supports with respect to the actual erected condition of pipe. The support can be adjusted for the erection tolerances in the piping. These are required for a better supporting need at critical locations of pipe supports.

FIG 13

Mostly all type of rigid supports can be modified by using certain type of nuts and bolts arrangement, to make it as an Adjustable support.
Only a typical type of adjustable support is described under the topic ‘Supports Generally used.’

3. Pipe Supports Classification as per Function (i.e. Purpose)

FIG 14

Pipe supports classified as per functions are summarized in the Table at FIG.14. These are shown along with its basic construction, the symbols generally used and type of restraints it offers to the piping system.

The supports classified as per function are further described as follows:

3.1 Loose Support:
This is most commonly used support meant for supporting only the pipe weight vertically. It allows pipe to move in axial as well as transverse direction but restricts only the vertical downward movement.

3.2 Longitudinal Guide:
This type of support is used to restrict the movement of pipe in transverse direction i.e. perpendicular to length of pipe but allow movement in longitudinal direction. This is also a commonly used type of support. Generally it is used along with Loose support.

3.3 Transverse Guide:
This type of support is used to restrict the movement of pipe in longitudinal (axial) direction but allows the pipe to move in transverse direction. This is also referred as ‘AXIAL STOP’. This type is less used as compared to above two types. Generally it is used along with Loose support.

3.4 Fixed point/Anchor:
FIX POINT type of support is used to restrict movements in all three directions. ANCHOR type of support is used to restrict movement in all three directions and rotation also in these three directions.

Non-Welded Type (Fix Point):
This can be considered as a combination of longitudinal and transverse guide. This type resists only the linear movements in all directions but not the rotational movements. This avoids heavy loading of support as well as pipe. Therefore this type of support is preferred over welded type.

Welded Type (Anchor)
This type of support prevents total movements i.e. linear as well as rotational. This type of support is used when it is absolutely essential to prevent any moment/force being transferred further. It causes heavy loading on support as well as pipe.

3.5 Limit Stop:
As name itself indicates it allows pipe movement freely upto a certain limit and restricts any further movement. This is useful when total stops causes excessive loading on piping and support or nozzle.
This type of support should be used selectively, because of stringent and complicated requirements of design, erection and operation.

3.6 Special Supports:
When we need a pipe support whose construction or functional details are different from the available details, then a special support detail sketch is prepared. The functions of this support can be any combination of above functions.
Materials

Pipe supports are fabricated from a variety of materials including structural steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, aluminum, ductile iron and FRP composites. Most pipe supports are coated to protect against moisture and corrosion. Some methods for corrosion protection include: painting, zinc coatings, hot dip galvanizing or a combination of these. In the case of FRP composite pipe supports, the elements required to form a corrosion cell aren't present, so no additional coatings or protections are necessary

PIPE HANGER SIZING

Considerations for Designs the pipe supports  with a minimum of effort :
- Operating Load or Installed Load
- Pipe Displacement at the Pipe Support
- Installed Height (Support) or Length (Hanger)
- Pipe Diameter
- Temperature of the Pipe
- Pipe Support Assembly or Sequence of Components Desired

the hanger assembly shall be selected to support the total weight of the piping. The procedure used to

calculate the total weight is as follows:

FIG 15

the weight of the pipe using the following formula:

W = F × 10.68 × T × (O.D. − T)

where :

 W = weight of pipe, lb/ft

F = relative weight factor, see Table 1

T = wall thickness of pipe

O.D. = outside diameter of pipe, in

TABLE 1

the weight of insulation on the pipe. For standard insulation and thickness, use the following formula:

W = F × D

where 
W = weight of insulation, lb/ft³

F = relative weight factor for insulation, see Table 2

D = density of insulation, lb/ft³

TABLE 2

Basis of the Pipe Deflection

FIG 16

Up to 650°F,  

Above 650°F,

  

Where : 

E = 30 x 10⁶ (psi)

A = Deflection (in )

L = Pipe length (ft )

O.D. = Outside diameter of pipe (in )

S A = Stress (kips/sq in)

kip = kilo-pounds (1000 lb )

Hanger Rods

The hanger rod is usually threaded and connects the attachment to the hanger that is threaded to receive the rod. The diameter of the rod is selected by the amount of weight it will support, which is determined by the area of the rod at the root of the thread. The safe weight capable of being supported by different rod diameters is shown in Table 3 ,4

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

Expansion Loops

To calculate the length required to absorb movement without damage, the following formula is used:

where 

L = pipe leg length, ft

D = nominal outside diameter of pipe, in

ΔC = change of dimension of pipe run, in

.

hanger spacing

Hangers for straight runs For straight runs, you can use both flexible and rigid couplings. When rigid couplings are used, the same hanger spacing as other piping methods can be applied. You can refer to the hanger spacing standards of ANSI B31.1 Power Piping Code, B31.9 Building Services Piping Code, NFPA 13 Sprinkler Systems, or Mechanical Equipment Construction Guide (Japan). See the table below.

TABLE 5

1) ANSI B31.1 Power Piping Code
2) ANSI B31.9 Building Services Piping Code
3) NFPA 13 Sprinkler systems
4) Ministry of Land & Transportation of Japan: Mechanical Equipment Construction Guide